Chinas Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War

Introduction One of the major wars waged after the Second World War was the Vietnam War (1965-1968). The two major antagonists in this war were China which backed North Vietnam and the US which backed South Vietnam. This war was in actual sense a front from which an ideological war between China and America was waged.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on China’s Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More China was keen on spreading communism while the US was equally keen on advancing capitalism or at least curbing the spread of communism. The then US president Lyndon Johnson adopted a policy favorable to South Vietnam. Therefore, the US extended its commitment to preserve the independence of South Vietnam from the communist threat that North Vietnam posed. On the other hand, there existed a close relationship between North Vietnam and China. Evidence of this is presen t in the assurance from Chinese Leader Mao Zedong to the North Vietnamese that â€Å"your business is my business; my business is your business, we together will unconditionally fight America† (Bradley 9). China therefore vowed to support the north to whatever extents were needed. This paper shall analyze the specific manners in which China supported Vietnam in the course of the Vietnam conflict. Reasons for Chinese Involvement and Support A major result of World War two was the emergence of two Super Powers, The USA and the Soviet Union, both of which favored different political ideologies. While the US favored capitalism, the Soviet Union was pro communism and aimed to spread this ideology to its spheres of influence. One of the biggest allies of the Soviet Union was China which advocated for an even more radical implementation of communism. China was committed to the idea of a communism which emphasized violent revolution and Vietnam presented a perfect ground from which C hina could propagate its ideology. In addition to this, China was even more determined that Moscow to spread the communism ideology everywhere. Aiding North Vietnam presented an immediate means through which China could oppose the US and as such, undermine capitalism. Vietnam was the arena for China’s support for â€Å"wars of national liberation† and china encouraged North Vietnam to take on an aggressive course in the fight to unify the north and the south. As of the time of the war, the capital city of South Vietnam was Saigon while that of the North was Hanoi. US defense of South Vietnam was an expression of greater commitment to battle against Communism in Southeast Asia. Another reason for the increased Chinese support of Vietnam was the deteriorating relationship between the Soviet Union and China. These Sino-Soviet tensions were brought about by ideological and political issues between the two communist states. This split between the Soviets and Chinese resulte d in public criticism of each other’s policy and each party aimed to establish itself as the major communist power. For China, supporting Vietnam would reinforce its power and influence among the communist countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While it was possible to arrive at a political resolution of the Vietnam conflict, China firmly opposed any political settlement. This opposition was as a result of the realities from the First Indochina War which ended in 1954 with a decisive victory for Hanoi against the French. Following this victory, China and the Soviet Union had failed to support North Vietnam in their ambition to reunify Vietnam under communist rule. This lack of support had resulted in North Vietnam failing in its unification attempts and Hanoi viewed this as a betrayal by their Communist comrades. With this historical backdrop, China was keen to ensure that North Vietnam did not lose out again since a loss would destroy Hanoi’s trust in China. Ways in which China Supported North Vietnam Even before the Vietnam War began, China had made it clear to the US that any military action against Hanoi would be considered as action against China and as such, China would give military support to North Vietnam. Actual Chinese support of North Vietnam began following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in which a US navy ship was engaged by North Vietnamese boats resulting in a sea battle. Following this incident, America undertook reprisal air strikes against North Vietnam. The air strike code-named â€Å"Rolling Thunder† commenced on March 2, 1965 and its aim was to pressure Hanoi and Beijing into stopping their aggression against Saigon. In response to this reprisal Beijing ordered Chinese air and naval units which were to the south of China to be ready for combat. In addition to this, a number of air divisions and anti-aircraft artil lery divisions were deployed near the North Vietnam border. Dinglie and Kongjun document that China â€Å"sent some MIG-15 and MIG-17 jets to Hanoi to deter further U.S. escalation of the war†(385). Weaponry plays a crucial role in all battle and the availability of surplus quality weapons often dictate which side emerges victorious. Under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Agreements, Hanoi was forbidden from increasing its military force. This meant that Hanoi had a limited supply of military forces and the international community was unwilling to supply Hanoi with military equipment. As a result of this, North Vietnam was ill equipped for battle against the American backed South which had superior weaponry. The Chinese helped to equal the battle ground by supplying the North with better weapons. China ignored the arms embargo imposed against Hanoi and continued to supply significant amount of arms to the Northern forces. Shaplen reveals that the basic weapons for the North were Chinese-manufactured 7.62 millimeter family which were better than the traditional Vietnam guns (98).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on China’s Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, China stepped up its efforts to train North Vietnamese soldiers into a professional modern force that could engage in combat with western forces (Zhang). This Chinese military hardware support to Vietnam was critical to Hanoi which had suffered from international isolation in the years leading up to the war. Chinese support also included building of new infrastructure in North Vietnam to streamline the war efforts. China helped in the construction of roads in North Vietnam and an improvement of the railways. The roads serve as infiltration routes that helped to move Hanoi troops to the south in a bid to match the US escalation. The railway lines were improved so as to handle the increasing flow of Chinese supplies to North Vietnam. Also, China undertook efforts to reinforce Hanoi’s defenses. In anticipation of a US amphibious assault, China engaged in the construction of defensive works in the northeast islands and the coast between Haiphong and Hon Gai (Shang, 748). The Vietnam War was characterized by heavy bombardment of North Vietnam targets by American forces. This ever-widening pattern of bombing which aimed at weakening the North greatly damaged infrastructure and property. The North undertook projects to repair this extensive bomb damages. China assisted and as of 1965, Shaplen records that over 100,000 Chinese volunteers were involved in the repairing of bomb damages in North Vietnam (95). In late 1965, Chinese troops were engaged in repairing a 554 kilometer stretch of railroad that had been damaged by US air attacks. Zhang highlights the effectiveness of Chinese repair efforts by revealing that while the rail complex at Kep was bombed nearly 50 times and was severely damaged from each strike, it was always quickly repaired and in fact remained operational for the entire duration of the air war (755). In recognition of the aerial threat that US posed, China dispatched a fighter regiment which consisted of 36 MIGs to North Vietnam. These aircrafts were based a few miles outside the capital city of Hanoi and they were aimed at ensuring air defense in case of US invasion (Zhang 741). In addition to this, China also sent a number of air force engineers to help with the upgrading of airfields which were meant to be used by jet fighters. Vietnamese pilots were also trained to operate the war planes in to enable them to wade of US aerial attacks. Zhang notes that while the presence of these Chinese-made MIGs would not pose any threat to the superior American air power in Vietnam, the fighter planes meant that any US air raids would carry with them a real risk of retaliatory attacks from North Vietnamese a ir force (741).Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supply routes are a critical resource in any war since they are the bloodline of the war. In the Vietnam War, the supply routes used by the Northern forces were under continued attacks from American bombardment. The Chinese troops helped to maintain the vital supply route from China to Vietnam (Gilbert 85). Before 1965, most supplies to Hanoi were by sea route. These same routes could not be used during the war since the US Navy launched a number of sea operations that effectively closed off the sea route for Chinese shipments. Zhang documents that China build a special transport line that went to South Vietnam vie Cambodia for supplies to the Northern forces that were engaged in the region (749). When this route became inadequate due to the increased number of Northern forces in the South, China assisted Hanoi to improve the Ho Chi Minh Trail which traversed eastern Laos into South Vietnam (Rosenau). The American forces made use of their air force for a number of tasks including: r econnaissance, attacks and transporting military personnel. To get to North Vietnam, US warplanes at times intruded into Chinese air space through the Hainan Island. While the Chinese initially ignored this intrusion on their air space, they changed their stance as the war intensified and their support for Hanoi soared. As of April 1965, the Chinese military had requested for permission to engage US warplanes that flew over China’s air space (Zhang 744). Once this permission was granted, Chinese units extensively engaged US warplanes that got into China’s air space en route to North Vietnam. China asserted that these attacks on US warplanes were retaliatory action against an invasion of China’s air space and hence were to be viewed as China protective herself. However, this was not entirely true since the US had in numerous occasions assured China that it had no intention of invading China. As a matter of fact, the warplanes took care not to hit any Chinese targ et and tried to steer off Chinese air space. The attacks on US warplanes were therefore action in direct support of North Vietnam which China considered to be a Comrade. As US strikes against North Vietnam intensified, North Vietnamese leaders requested Beijing for a consignment of Chinese volunteer pilots and fighters in April 1965. Vietnam’s leader Le Duan’s stated that the presence of Chinese forces would not only assist in the defense of Hanoi from US air bombardment but it would also raise the morale of the Vietnamese people and therefore increase their likelihood of pushing on with their war efforts (Zhang 747). In response to this request, China mobilized some of its troops for deployment in Hanoi. Shang states that the first Chinese deployment to Hanoi consisted of three special division sized units that were designated as â€Å"the Corps of the Chinese Rear Services† (125). Chinese fighters served as a strategic reserve that was to be used in the event of an American led invasion by the South into Hanoi. These Chinese reserve forces were placed under the command of Hanoi greatly boasting the Northern military capacity. The deployment of Chinese troops had a number of positive implications for North Vietnam. To begin with, Chinese troops mitigated the escalation of the US war in Vietnam. In addition to this, Chinese forces took up the task of defending Hanoi and as such, Vietnamese troops were freed up to go to the South and engage in offensive action. Discussion and Conclusion Without a doubt, Chinese support to the North had huge implications on the War. To begin with, China’s support was unequivocal and even General Vinh who commanded the Northern Army acknowledge that â€Å"China gives us wholehearted support† (Shaplen 98). Duiker notes that the goal of North Vietnam in the war was not to defeat its enemy but rather to prevent the US from controlling South Vietnam (30). As of the 1960s, North Vietnam was one of th e world’s poorest nations lacking a modern army and without an arms plan, both of which were vital to the war effort. It is therefore inconceivable that Hanoi would have managed to achieve its objective without outside help. It was China’s large scale infusion of aid that enabled North Vietnam to survive the war and indeed achieve its objectives. The huge support received by Vietnam from the Chinese was a direct attempt by China to stop the perceived spread of American imperialism and challenge the Soviet’s leadership of the International Communism movement. In addition to this, China was committed to the success of the war of national liberation that it encouraged Hanoi to engage in. This paper set out to highlight how China supported North Vietnam in the Vietnam War. To this end, this paper has discussed the specific means through which China demonstrated its support for North Vietnam. China made a promise that she would regard Vietnam’s problems as her own and was throughout the war the major ally for Hanoi. From the arguments presented in this paper, it is clear that Chinese assistance was crucial to the success of North Vietnam in the war and it is inconceivable that Hanoi would have faired as well as it did without Chinese support. Works Cited Bradley, Mark. Vietnam at war. Oxford University Press, 2009. Dinglie, Wang and Kongjun, Zhongguo. â€Å"Modern Chinese Air Force†. Social Science Publisher, 1989. Duiker, William. Waging Revolutionary War: The Evolution of Hanoi’s Strategy in the South, 1959-1965. Werner and Luu. Gilbert, Marc. Why the North won the Vietnam War. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print. Rosenau, William. Special Operations Forces and Elusive Enemy Ground Targets. April. 2002. Web. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB77/index1.html Shang, Like. Shedding Blood in Vietnam. Beijing: China Personal Press, 1993. Print. Shaplen, Robert. Vietnam: Crisis of Indecision. Foreign Affairs, 2004. Zhang, Xiaoming. â€Å"The Vietnam War, 1964-1969: A Chinese Perspective†. The Journal of Military History, Vol. 60, No. 4, 731-762. This research paper on China’s Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War was written and submitted by user Kamron Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Andregernic blocking drugs Essay Andregernic blocking drugs Essay Adrenergic blocking drugs General Principals (Class) Beta adrenergic blocking agents prevent stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptors at the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system and therefore decrease the activity of the heart. They block sympathetic stimulation of the heart and reduce systolic pressure, heart rate, cardiac contractility and output, so decrease myocardial oxygen demand and increase exercise tolerance (agents, 2013) Indications Adrenergic blocking agents are used to treat angina, control abnormal heart rhythms and to reduce high blood pressure (agents, 2013). They are also used to treat a variety of other conditions including benign prostatic hyperplasia and Reynaud’s disease (Blockers, 2013). Cautions Adrenergic blocking drugs are typically not used on people with asthma because they may trigger severe asthma attacks. Also with people who have diabetes, adrenergic blocking drugs may block signs of low blood sugar, such as rapid heartbeat (Blockers, 2013). Mechanism of Action To interrupt the stimulation of the SNS at the alpha 1- adrenergic receptors. Alpha blockers work to bind and antagonize receptors by blocking norepinephrine making it non responsive called a competitive blockade. A covalent bond makes receptors less responsive but responsive in a small amount to norepinephrine called a noncompetitive blockade. Adverse Effects Sudden drop in blood pressure after the first dose called the first-dose phenomenon, causing the patient to pass out. Cardiovascular palpitations, tachycardia, edema and angina. Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, dry mouth and abdominal Toxic Effects In the case of an overdose, activated charcoal is the standard choice of med because after administered it binds to the drug and is removes it from the stomach and the circulation. Supportive measures include vitals, fluids, and anticonvulsants such as diazepam for the control of seizures. Route of Administration Alpha1 Blockers Mostly administered orally(PO) Except for phentolamine, administration routes are intravenous(IV), intramuscular(IM), and subcutaneously(subcut) Phentolamine can be used for extravasation of vasoconstricting drugs(e.g., norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine) subcutaneously(subcut) in a circular fashion around the extravasation site to increase blood flow to the ischemic tissue and thus prevent permanent damage. Beta Blockers Nonselective Mostly administered PO Labetalol(Normodyne, Trandate) and propranolol(Inderal) are administered PO and IV Timolol PO, IV, and ophthalmic for glaucoma (Skidmore-Roth, 2013) Cardioselective Mostly administered PO Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL), PO and IV Esmolol (Brevbloc) IV only (Lilly Lane, Rainforth Collins, & Snyder, 2014) Common Drug Interactions Antacids (aluminum hydroxide type) Decrease absorption resulting in decreased beta blocker activity Antimuscarinics and Anticholinergics Antagonism resulting in reduction of beta blocker effects Digoxin Additive effect, enhancing bradycardic effects of digoxin Diuretics, cardiovascular drugs, alcohol Additive effect resulting with additive hypotensive effects Neuromuscular blocking drugs Additive effect by prolonging neuromuscular blockade Oral hypoglycemic drugs and Insulin Mask signs of hypoglycemia and delay recovery from hypoglycemia (Lilly Lane, Rainforth Collins, & Snyder, 2014) Nursing implications for patients taking Adrenergic Blocking Drugs include: Patient teaching (Lilly, Collins, Synder, 2014, Pg 319-322) Wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace Carrying around a list of medications and specific diagnosis around with them at all times Take medication exactly as prescribed and never to stop the medication abruptly Avoid caffeine and other CNS stimulants Avoid consuming any alcohol Contact your doctor immediately if and when you experience any of the following: Palpitations, chest pain, confusion, weight gain of 2

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Carrying out an open-loop step response on the process trainer pt326

Carrying out an open-loop step response on the process trainer pt326 INTRODUCTION: The control systems are based up on the behaviour of the dynamics systems and it is also a branch of the engineering and mathematical model of the process. The desired output of the system is called as reference. A controller is device which observes and outcome the changes in the output that are affected by the input variables. And it is also used to operate the input variables to a system to achieve the desired result on the output of the system. It is very simple and flexible to solve using the mathematical model. In control system design, we have a concept of feedback control system. The main concept of this feedback loop is to control the system performance and it is a negative feedback because the sensed value is subtracted from the desired value to produce the error signal which is amplified by the controller. To avoid the problem of the open-loop control system, the control system initiated the feedback loop. Where as in closed loop system, the control system uses the feedba ck to control the output of the process. One of the most widely used controllers in the design of continuous data control system is the PID controller, where PID stands for the proportional plus integral and derivative control. The PID controller is mostly used in the feedback control design. The controller is used for the operation of the error signal to produce the control signal. Proportional (P) control: This is the one type of action performed and used in the PID controllers is the proportional control. It is the simplest form of continuous control system that can be used in the closed loop system. Proportional control is used to minimize the fluctuation in the process, but it does not allow to bring back to the required set point. P-only controller provides the faster response than other controllers. The system first allows the P-only controller in order to get the system a few seconds/minutes faster. The main advantage of the P-only controller is the faster response time, it produces the deviation from the set point and this deviation is called offset. Mathematical Equations: P-only controller linearly correlates the controller output (actuating signal) to the error (difference between measured signal and set point). In the mathematical form, the p-controller is given below Y(t) = Kc e(t) + b Where Y(t)= controller output Kc = controller gain e(t)= error b= bias In the above equation the controller gain and bias are constant to each controller. The controller gain is the change in the controller output per change in the controller input. Bias is simply a controller output, when the error is zero. In the PID controller, when the signals are transmitted then the controller gain relates the changes in the output voltage to the changes in the input voltage. Thus, the gain ultimately changes in the input and output properties. If the controller output changes more than the input, Kc is greater than one. If the change in the input is greater the controller output, Kc is less than one. Ideally, Kc is equal to infinity then the error will be reduced to zero. Exact equalities cannot be achieved in the control logic. In this, the error will be allowed up to certain range of the system. Integral (I) Control: This is another type of action performed in the PID controllers is the integral control. Integral control is the second form of feedback control system. It is obtained used to remove the deviations that may exit. Thus the system moves to the steady state and original settings. A positive error will cause the signal to be increase and whereas a negative error will cause the signal to be decrease the system. However, I-only controller is much slower in response time than the P-controller. Thus, the slower response time will be reduced by combining with another form such as P or PD controller. It is often used to measure the required variables to remain within a narrow range and also require a fine tuning control. Mathematical Equations I-controller correlates the controller output to the integral of error. The integral of error is taken with respect to time within a specified interval. In the mathematical form, the I-controller equation can be represented as Where C(t)= controller output Ti = integral time e(t)= error c(t0)= controller output before integration. Derivative (D) Control: This is another type of action performed in the PID controllers is the derivative control. I-control and D-control are a form of a feed forward control. D-control anticipates the process conditions by analyzing the change in error. It main function is to minimize the change in error, thus keeping the system in a consistent setting. The main benefits of the D-controller is to resist change in system, the most important of these being is oscillations. PI-controllers: PI-controller is a combination of both proportional plus integral controller. This is the feedback controller which drives the process/plant to be controlled with sum of error and also the integral of that value. In PID controllers, we have not yet used the D-controller (D=kd=0). The basic block diagram of the PI controller is shown below, The controller output for the above closed loop system is Where ÃŽ is the error of actual measured value from the desired set point. ÃŽ = SP PV. The main advantage of the PI controller; the integral terms in the PI controller causes the steady state error to be zero for a ramp input. The main disadvantes of using with the PI controller is the phase lag. This means that the phase margin decreases. Required Apparatus: The report of this experiment is carried out on the Feedback Process Trainer, PT326. The design of the control system consist of a computer ,A/D and D/A converters, and a printer used to provide the copies of the response system. The networked PCs used to obtain the system design using the nyquist simulation method employing the design and simulation program CODAS. Explanation of PT326: According to the industrial situation, the PT326 process trainer model is commonly used. This situation appears when the temperature control is required in the presence of transport delay and transfer lags. In this PT 326 process trainer, the trainer involves air that is strained from the atmosphere through a centrifugal blower and it is heated and passed over the heater through duct before it is being heated. The objective of the control is to sustain the temperature of the air at the required level. The temperature control can be achieved by varying the electrical power supplied to the heater grid. By using the bead thermistor which is placed in the flow at any three position along the duct, the air temperature may be sensed. The process trainer introduces the transport delay in the system which is located between the thermistor and heat coil. By setting the opening of the throttle, the mass flow of the air can be adjusted through the duct. The temperature sensors can be placed at any three of the position in the duct, so that these sensors can acts as a detector. The variation in the resistance of the temperature sensor is converted to the voltage variation through the bridge circui t and is available at terminal Y. The output of the temperature sensor can be used as feedback for connecting the terminal X and Y. The required temperature can be indicated by adjusting the knob label set value. In additionally, the set value can change the step by using the command throwing the switch as internal. An external referrence input can also be provided using the label as external. The difference between referrence input set value and feedback signal is availabel at terminal B and can be supplied to the heater power supply so that the gain can be adjusted by using the prportional band. To select a continuous control, the signal at A can be send directly to the heater power supply by using the switch s. The switch s can be alternatively used as on-off controller as well as it is used to select the two step control. This on-off control command reponds to the maximum heater power when on and for the zero heater power it is off. The hysterisis is an on-off controller which can be adjusted by the knob label as overlap. The maximum heater supply can be adjusted using the knob label as max heater power. The process may be seen to comprise a simple blower in which air is drawn from the atmosphere, blown past a heater grid and along a tube having a provision for several temperature to pick up. The purpose of the control system is to maintain the temperature of the air flowing in the tubeat some required set point. The output of the process is a temperature which is measured by the use f the thermistor bead transducer and bridge circuit. Procedure: In the set of experiments of the PT326 process trainer, a personal computer acts as a contoller. Three controller are going to be investigated, a) Proportional control b) Integral control c) Proportional plus integral control. The final experiment make use of the analytical control system to show how the control theory can be used to calculate the behaviour of the control system. a) Proportional control: Using the computer program go into the controller setting menu. Set the controller to be a proportional only type i.e set the kp= 0.1, ki= 0, kd= 0. On the process trainer, adjust the throttle to 25o and place the sensor in the position away from the heater. Vary the proportional gain and plot the graph of the steady state error against the proportional gain. Choose the value of gain we think for the best response and obtain the screen dump to get a copy from the printer. Finally, indicate on graph the onset of instability. b) Integral control: Using the computer program go into the controller setting menu. Set the controller to be a integral only i.e set the kp= 0, ki=0.1, kd=0. On the process trainer leave the throttle at 25o and kep the sensor in the position away from the heater. Vary the integral gain and plot a graph of steady state error against the integral gain. Choose a value of gain that gives the best response of the system and obtain the screen dump. Finally, indicate on the graph the onset of instability. c) Proportional-plus-Integral control: Using the computer program go into the controller setting menu. Set the controller to be proportional-plus-integral type i.e set the kp=0.1, ki=0.1, kd=0. On the process trainer leave the throttle at 25o, and keep the sensor in the position away from the heater. Vary the proportional and integral gains until we get the best response from the system and obtain the screen dump. d) Open-loop step response: Using the computer program PRESS o this will put the system under the open loop control. The programme will then automatically carry out an open loop step response. Obtain a screen dump for the open loop step response. From the loop step response it is possible to calculate the transfer function of the process trainer. The tranfer function has the form: Where K is the open loop D.C gain of the system and Td is the pure time delay present in the system and Tp is the time constsnt for the system. It is possible to measure these values directly from the open loop step response. The steady state error for the control system can be derived as : Steady state error = V/(1+kp k) e) After obtaining the open loop step response values like K, Tp, Td, e and R from the graph. Place the values of K,Tp and Td in MATLAB simulink. To simulate the plant only in open loop in CODAS. Compare the time response with the actual plant open-loop response. f) Introduce the controller into the simulation and in frequency domain, adjust proportional gain to give the gain margin of 2 i.e., Nyquist plot (controller plus plant, open-loop) cuts the real axis at -0.5. observe the corresponding time response(controller plus plant, closed loop in time domain). g) Following the Nyquist method (f), introduce an integral control term and observe the time response. h) Keeping the proportional plus integral control established in (g), adjust the overall gain(k) to give gain margin of 4,2,1.333,1 and 0.8 (corrresponding to the Nyquist plot cutting the real axis at -0.25, -0.5, -0.75, -1.0 and -1.25 respectively). Comparing the corresponding time responses on the same graph. i) Now,changing the overall gain back to 1 and substituting the proportional and integral gains as calculated using the (i) ziegler-Nichols and (ii) cohen and coon formulas. And comparing the time responses for the three methods (Nyquist,Ziegler-Nicholos and cohen and coon) on the same graph. j) Moving back to the industrial trainer, and substituting the PI gains that where obtained using the Nyquist method and observe the closed loop response. And finding to get fine tune PI gain to improve the performance of the system. MATLAB CODE (CODAS Program): The diagram represents the open loop step response of the system is The code for the plotting of the open loop step response of the sytem is hold on xlabel(Time) ylabel(Input (red), Output (green)) title(System response to a step input) plot(t,x,r) plot(t,y,g) grid on The code for the plotting of the closed loop step response of the system is hold on axis([0.0 10.0 -10.0 2900.0]) xlabel(Time) ylabel(Desired Output (blue), Actual Outputs) title(System responses to a step input) plot(t,x,k) plot(t,y,b) grid on The code for the nyquist process trainer in the nyquist plot for the closed loop response of the system is % Plant : Gp(s)=K*exp(-Td*s)/(1+Tp*s) % K=1.266; % DC Gain Td=0.35; % Time Delay Tp=0.729; % Time Constant % num_p=K; den_p=[Tp 1]; disp(Plant Transfer Function : ) plant_tf=tf(num_p, den_p,InputDelay,Td) % % Compensator: Gc(s)=Km*(Kp+(Ki/s)+Kd*s) = Km*(Kd*s^2+Kp*s+Ki)/s % disp(Km :) %Km=1.0 Km=2.0/(2) %Km=1.0 % Multiplier Kp=2.1397; % Proportional Gain Ki=0.857; % Integral Gain Kd=0.0; % Derivative Gain % num_c=Km*[Kd Kp Ki]; den_c=[1 0]; disp(Compensator Transfer Function : ) comp_tf=tf(num_c,den_c) % OL_tf=comp_tf*plant_tf % %Gain and Phase Margins % [Gm,Pm,Wcg,Wcp]=margin(OL_tf); disp(Gain Margin: ); Gm disp(Phase Margin: ); Pm % % Nyquist plot of OL TF for 0.2

The Extraordinary Family in Judith Guests novel, Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

The Extraordinary Family in Judith Guest's novel, Ordinary People    Judith Guest's novel Ordinary People evinces some main principles of the modernist literary movement, such as the philosophy that modern man is beset by existential angst and alienation. According to Carl Marx, a renowned existentialist, alienation, as a result of the industrial revolution, has made modern man alienated from the product of his own labor, and has made him into a mechanical component in the system. Being a "cog in the wheel" prevents modern man from gaining a sense of internal satisfaction of intellectual and emotional pleasure. Further more, according to Sigmund Freud, there are two pleasures, work and love. Consequently, Freud would say that being disconnected from pleasure from work, half of the potential for psychological fulfillment would be lost. Modern man is suffering from alienation as a result of large institutions, and as individuals, modern man neither feels that they are part of them nor can understand them. Additionally, the existentialists say , man is shut out of history. Modern man no longer has a sense of having roots in a meaningful past nor sees himself as moving toward a meaningful future. The modern man also suffers from alienation in his relationships with other people. Since he lives life not authentically and not knowing who he is, he cannot relate to others authentically. Hence, there are no real relationships at work and there are no real relationships of love. Also, according to Sartre, modern man is absolutely not a victim of his environments, of his childhood, and the circumstances in his life. The events in life are only neutral and since modern man is free, he chooses the meanings of the facts of his life. Modern man lives in a constant state of existential angst, which is dread of the nothingness of human existence and the fact there is no underlying purpose to human existence or set of objective truths or morals by which to navigate life. According to Martin Heideggar, German existentialist philosopher, the unaware person tries to escape the reality of death by not living life to the fullest. However, death can be the most significant moment for the individual, his defining moment of personal potential, if accepted and confronted squarely will free the individual from anxiety of death. The Extraordinary Family in Judith Guest's novel, Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays The Extraordinary Family in Judith Guest's novel, Ordinary People    Judith Guest's novel Ordinary People evinces some main principles of the modernist literary movement, such as the philosophy that modern man is beset by existential angst and alienation. According to Carl Marx, a renowned existentialist, alienation, as a result of the industrial revolution, has made modern man alienated from the product of his own labor, and has made him into a mechanical component in the system. Being a "cog in the wheel" prevents modern man from gaining a sense of internal satisfaction of intellectual and emotional pleasure. Further more, according to Sigmund Freud, there are two pleasures, work and love. Consequently, Freud would say that being disconnected from pleasure from work, half of the potential for psychological fulfillment would be lost. Modern man is suffering from alienation as a result of large institutions, and as individuals, modern man neither feels that they are part of them nor can understand them. Additionally, the existentialists say , man is shut out of history. Modern man no longer has a sense of having roots in a meaningful past nor sees himself as moving toward a meaningful future. The modern man also suffers from alienation in his relationships with other people. Since he lives life not authentically and not knowing who he is, he cannot relate to others authentically. Hence, there are no real relationships at work and there are no real relationships of love. Also, according to Sartre, modern man is absolutely not a victim of his environments, of his childhood, and the circumstances in his life. The events in life are only neutral and since modern man is free, he chooses the meanings of the facts of his life. Modern man lives in a constant state of existential angst, which is dread of the nothingness of human existence and the fact there is no underlying purpose to human existence or set of objective truths or morals by which to navigate life. According to Martin Heideggar, German existentialist philosopher, the unaware person tries to escape the reality of death by not living life to the fullest. However, death can be the most significant moment for the individual, his defining moment of personal potential, if accepted and confronted squarely will free the individual from anxiety of death.

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment In Nation Development Economics Essay

The growing of international production is chiefly driven by economic and technological forces. It is besides driven by the on-going liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) and trade policies. Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) refers to an international investing made by a resident entity in one economic system ( Direct Investor ) with the aim of set uping a permanent involvement in an endeavor. Globalization offers exceeding chances for developing states to accomplish a rapid economic growing through trade and investing. Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a major inducement to economic growing in developing states, as it contributes to host state economic growing, by heightening the state ‘s capital stock, presenting complementary inputs, bring oning engineering transportation and skill acquisition, or increasing competition among local industries. But merely a few states have been successful in pulling important FDI influxs to their state owing to so many grounds. FDI bring away much needed resources to developing states such as capital, engineering, managerial accomplishments, entrepreneurial accomplishments, trade names and entree to new markets etc. These are indispensable for a underdeveloped state to industrialise, develop and make occupations assailing the poorness state of affairs in their states. As such most underdeveloped states recognize the possible value of FDI and have liberalized their investing governments and engaged in investing publicity. Globalization and regional integrating agreements can alter the degree and form of FDI and besides it reduces the trade costs. However, FDI flows to developing states started to pick-up in the mid 1990s mostly as a consequence of systematic addition in liberalisation of FDI policies in these states and the acceptance of by and large more outward orientated policies. This study attempts to turn to the impact of FDIs towards the development of a state, deciding factors of pulling FDIs and issues faced by the host states in pulling FDIs. At the latter portion of this study include recommendations to host state authorities to follow towards foreign investors, in order to advance economic development. For the intent of designation of issues and turn toing of recommendations Sri Lanka, a underdeveloped state that keeps rely on FDIs is taken in to consideration.2.0 Host state determiners that influences the influx of FDI ‘sFDI determinations depend on a assortment of features of the host economic system,Size of the MarketThere can be seen a good well-known relationship between FDI and the size of the market and every bit good as with some of its features ( e.g. mean income degrees and growing rates ) . When the GDP of a state is comparatively little, it is an index of low degree of national income. As such investors prefer to put in states where there is a high growing potency and where there is a big market for their merchandises and services.OpennessEven though the investors pay attending on the size and the growing of the market as of import, all the other domestic market factors are predictably much less relevant in export oriented foreign houses. Wide spread penetration is that unfastened economic systems encourage more foreign investing. One index of openness is the comparative size of the export sector. Particularly fabrication exports are a important determiner of FDI influxs. Investors prefer states where there are indulgent regulations and ordinances in relation to foreign trade.Labor costs and productivenessLabour cost is a important factor for foreign investors specially when doing their investings in labour intensive industries and for export oriented subordinates. ( For an illustration opening up garment mills, export processing houses where larger figure of employees is required ) Low pay rates to a great ext ent stimulate investors to do their investing determinations in a peculiar state. However when the cost of labor is comparatively undistinguished ( when pay rates vary somewhat from state to state ) the accomplishments of the labour force are expected to hold an impact on determinations about FDI locationPolitical HazardHigh returns in the extractive industries seem to counterbalance for political instability. In general, every bit long as the foreign company is confident of being able to run productively without undue hazard to its capital and forces, it will go on to put. Large companies overcome some of the political hazards by puting in their ain substructure care and their ain security forces. But these companies are restrained by little local markets and exchange rate hazards since they tend to sell entirely on the international market. If a state is vulnerable to a higher grade of public violences, labor differences, and corruptness and if it possesses greater condemnable deg ree, those will be the determiners that restrain foreign investings.Infrastructure FacilitiesInfrastructure covers many dimensions runing from roads, ports, railroads and telecommunication systems required to institutional development ( e.g. Legal services, accounting etc. ) The extent of conveyance installations and the propinquity to major ports has a important positive consequence on the location of FDI within the state. Poor substructure can be seen both as an obstruction and every bit good as an chance for foreign investing.Incentives and operating conditionsRemoval of boundaries and proviso of a healthy environment for concerns that consists of better operating conditions, lower revenue enhancement rates or revenue enhancement vacations are by and large believed to hold a positive impact on exciting FDI. Further inducements such as the granting of equal intervention to foreign investors in relation to local opposite numbers and the gap up of new markets ( e.g. air conveyance, retailing, banking ) have been reported as of import factors of promoting FDI flows to a peculiar state.DenationalizationThrough denationalization it has attracted some foreign investing influxs in recent old ages. But when traveling on to most of the development, low income states advancement is still low due to divestments of province assets. This has become political issues that demotivate investors. For an illustration employee opposition and their aggressive actions over denationalization or other moves which threaten their bing occupations and worker rights may move as a discouraging factor of FDI.3.0 Issues to pull FDIMajority of the low income states including Sri Lanka fail to pull big FDI flows in to their states as domestic markets are little in size. Investors are loath to put in their mills if they are unable to pull a critical mass for their merchandises. Impossibility of pulling FDI due to miss of openness in the economic system as the export fabrication sector is governed by stiff regulations and the issues faced by the industry due to miss of or get rid ofing of quota. Labour market rigidnesss and high pay rates in the formal sector with comparing to other states like China, Vietnam is frequently viewed as a discouraging factor in order to pull important in flows in to the export sector in peculiar. Lower productiveness with comparing to states like China and states in bomber Saharan Africa and deficiency of applied scientists and proficient staff is reported as keeping back possible foreign investing, particularly in fabricating exports sector. Further it lessens the attraction of puting in productive sectors. Higher degree of labour differences, work stoppages, public violences, corruptness in the state and every bit good as some of authorities stiff policies inefficiency in the populace sector are the causal factors that prevent investors from puting in Sri Lanka. Poor substructure can be seen as an obstruction to pull FDI to take down income states like Sri Lanka. Host authorities can pull important FDI by allowing more significant foreign engagement in the substructure sector. In Sri Lanka even tough there is a important addition in FDI in telecommunication and air lines. Other more basic substructure such as roads, edifices remain unattractive reflecting both he low returns and higher political hazards of such investings. Even though the authorities has removed certain limitations late, which has been imposed earlier on FDI, the deficiency of transparence, inordinate hold in investing blessing processs, deficiency of clear cut policy for investing blessing and extended bureaucratic systems are still act as discouraging factors of foreign investings. Due to employee perceptual experience sing foreign employers and their aggressive actions against denationalization and inclination towards province ain endeavors act as a barrier to pull foreign investors. Further a figure of structural jobs are restraining the procedure of denationalization. Slow growing and lower degree of competition in fiscal markets which has been characterized by inefficiencies, deficiency of deepness and transparence and the absence of regulative processs as those are still continued to be dominated by authorities activity and are frequently protected from competition. Even though the attitudes of the civil society on the impact of FDI on chances for domestic concern and economic activities is positive and the net attitude of foreign houses toward FDI reveals that the investing clime has non improved in Sri Lanka as a consequence of deficiency of good administration, corruptness, political instability and perturbation, bureaucratic inactiveness and hapless low and order state of affairs.4.0 Overall limitations in FDIMost South Asiatic states have liberalized equity limitations on FDI in the services sector to promote trade under Mode 3, i.e. Trade through commercial presence. Taking stock of the liberalisation of services that has taken topographic point in different states in the part, in different sectors, significant one-sided liberalisation has taken topographic point under Mode 3 in Sri Lanka. Though states are trying to pull FDI in many of their services, by liberalising services, the portion of the part in planetary FDI in services is still really low. One of the grounds for this is the being of barriers to FDI in South Asiatic states. There are so many barriers and limitations at assorted degrees get downing from the point of entry that deter investors. Even though there are no limitations on equity ownership, so many other limitations are available at the point of entry, stretching from mere presentment demands to straight-out prohibition of FDI ; others may aim the operations of houses ; while yet another class may curtail the country of ownership and control. Sri Lanka has opened its services sector to foreign investing. Foreign ownership of 100 % equity is allowed in scope of services sectors such as banking, insurance, telecommunications, touristry, stock securities firm, building of residential edifices and roads, H2O supply, mass transit, production and distribution of energy, professional services and the constitution of affair offices or local subdivisions of foreign companies. However some of the limitations still exists, curtailing FDI in services even when 100 % equity is allowed are, foreign commercial Bankss are allowed to open subdivision offices in Sri Lanka topic to an economic demands trial and blessing by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Foreign investors are allowed to keep 100 % equity in local Bankss topics to bounds on single portion ownership. Even though the authorities has late privatized province ain insurance companies, nevertheless resident Sri Lankans are prohibited from obtaining foreign insurance policies except for wellness and travel. The limitations may besides change with the nature of the industry. For an illustration distribution services, limitations may include public presentation demands, districting ordinances, advertisement limitations etc. In professional services limitations used are by and large of the nature of nationality and residence demands and deficiency of acknowledgment of foreign makings. Therefore even if the equity limitations are removed, there may be other limitations that may non let the influx of FDI in to the services sector. Please mention Annexure 1 for some bing barriers to FDI in different states in South Asiatic part.5.0 Reasons for Caution of FDIEven though it is said that FDI has a heavy impact on heightening the growing and development of a state, there are several grounds for developing states to stay with mean limitations in services or to hold other barriers to investings in services. Apart from the sensitiveness of services with cultural, societal, distributional or strategi c significance, there are economic concerns excessively. Among them, To avoid the hazard of foreign investors out viing domestic investors. Sale of public public-service corporations to foreign houses raises complex issues related to denationalization and the ordinance of natural monopolies. Entry by big multinational corporations involves competition policy considerations and many host states may non experience to cover with proficient or legal issues involved. It is hard to measure the impact of liberalisation in a peculiar sector, particularly if it employees a big figure of unskilled people. As such it is of import to set about an in deepness survey prior to the determination to let foreign houses. But many states lack the will or expertise to set about such analysis. Most of the foreign investors are monopolies and in any event demand to be regulated ; domestic ordinances are frequently hard to set in topographic point.6.0 RecommendationsGovernment should concentrate its attending on obtaining foreign investor engagement in developing substructure. So far Sri Lankan authorities acts the function of substructure facilitator. But it should see on pulling FDIs to develop substructure sector as good, non merely in attractive and most profitable few countries like telecommunication and air hoses, but besides in building of roads, main roads, overpasss, rail roads, edifices etc. BOO ( Built, Operating, Ownership ) , BOT ( Built, Operating, Transfer ) , BTO/Turnkey Projects ( Built, Transfer, Operate ) , BLT ( Built, Lease, Transfer ) and assorted other mechanisms to heighten the foreign investor engagement in this respect. Government should concentrate its attending on implementing an unfastened door policy where it encourages foreign investors. It should heighten the quality of the bing Export Processing Zones ( EPZ ‘s ) and Free Trade Zones ( FTZs ) in order to excite investors to come and open up their fabrication or processing workss in Sri Lanka. Government intervention and domination on fiscal sector should be minimized unless to exert a control over such establishments to guarantee the transparence and proper operation of them. Existing stock market should be popularized among the general populace and should be opened up for foreign investors. Even though there are no limitations on equity ownership there are several barriers at the point of entry, stretching from mere presentment demands to straight-out prohibition of FDI etc. These may discourage foreign investors from puting within the state. Thus this fact should be taken in to Account during the policy devising procedure. It is frequently criticized the quality of the end product of Sri Lankan instruction system. It is said that there is a mismatch between the employer demands and the instruction provided to the pupils or undergraduates. Therefore Higher instruction policies particularly in relation to secondary, third and university instruction course of study should be changed in order to run into employer outlooks. Adequate preparation chances provided to them in order to acknowledge and unleash their potencies and accomplishments. Therefore more accent should be given towards the importance of industry preparation when representing higher instruction policies. As FDI in services has grown, a figure of issues have come to the head of policy devising. One of the of import issues is that pulling FDI in services where it is most coveted. i.e. services sectors where domestic capablenesss are limited to provide to the turning demand or where the domestic service suppliers do non hold the ability or capacity to supply the needed quality of services, as for an illustration telecommunication, and conveyance services. As such more grants to be given for the investors those who are willing to put in those countries in order to promote them. Regulatory frame work to be strengthened in order to pull investors and besides to avoid monopolistic state of affairss. States without necessary regulative frame work may free by hotfooting in to liberalisation. Particularly when a reversal of liberalisation is difficult to accomplish or when liberalisation has systemic deductions as in the instance of fiscal industry. By and large, the positive growing effects of FDI have been more likely when FDI is drawn into competitory markets, whereas negative effects on growing have been more likely when FDI is drawn into to a great extent protected industries ( Encarnation and Wells, 1986 ) . As such domestic industries should be strengthened to a grade in order to supply them the ability to vie with foreign investings.7.0 DecisionThis study has examined the factors that stimulate the flow of FDI and the issues that limits or restrains a state from pulling FDIs based on Sri Lanka, a underdeveloped state that entertains FDI. It is doubtless accepted that there is a positive nexus between FDI and growing. Particularly when Sri Lanka concerns a direct and positive growing impact of FDI on the Sri Lankan economic system and its growing has non reflected during the past and every bit good as in the present. Attitude of the civil society and foreign house towards FDI in the state is positive. But the investing clime has non improved in Sri Lanka as a consequence of political instability and perturbation, hapless jurisprudence and order state of affairs, direct and indirect regulative barriers, political instability and the implied policy instability, ill developed substructure installations, lower degree of human capital, deficiency of transparence in the trade policy etc. Consequently the protectionist trade policies, direct and indirect regulative barriers ( that raise the cost of investing to foreign houses, for illustration it has found that in Sri Lanka about 13 per centum of capital costs and 30 per centum of net incomes are lost due to hindrances in the regulative model ) , political instability and the implied stableness, ill develop substructure installations, lower degree of literacy and investing in human capital excessively discourage investors. Lack of transparence in the tr ade policy, favoritism against non-export orientated sectors like plantations and high loaning rates are excessively act as restraints to FDI flows in Sri Lanka. The importance of FDI can non be overstated, as consequence, that investing clime in the state must be improved through appropriate steps such as de-regulation in economic activity, increase domestic economy, developing port web, route web, railroads and telecommunication installations etc, making more transparence in the trade policy and more flexible labor markets and puting a suited regulative frame work and duty construction. Currently Sri Lanka provides an attractive investing government but the response from the investor has non been really encouraging. If the ultimate aim of the authorities is to pull FDI for development, poorness decrease and growing, so an appropriate policy mix is necessary to accomplish these.8.0 AnnexureAnnexure 1Table 1: Extent of Liberalisation in Mode 3 in Selected ServicesStatesWell Liberalised( 100 % equity )Reasonably LiberalisedLess than Reasonably Liberalised/RestrictedSri Lanka Banking, Insurance, Telecommunications, Tourism, Construction, Transport ( Road ) , Professional services. Transporting and travel bureaus, Freight forwarding, Higher instruction, Mass communications. Non Bank Money Lending, Retail trade with capital investing of less than $ 1mn, Secondary instruction, Air transit, Coastal transportation. India Computer and information services, Transport ( Road ) . Telecommunications, Banking, Insurance, Air Transport, Construction. Retail trading, Railwaies, Real estate, Professional services like Postal, Accountancy etc. Pakistan Telecommunication, Banking services, Legal and technology consultancy services, Transport, Construction, Computer and information services. Insurance.–Bangladesh Conveyance, Telecommunications, Construction, Computer and information services, Banking and Insurance services.–Railwaies. NepalBanking, Insurance, Telecommunications, Computer and information services, Tourism. Personal Business Services, Advisory services.

Le Tour Eiffel essays

Le Tour Eiffel essays The Sheer excitement hit me like a speeding bullet. The anticipation was shattered, and the moment had finally come. I waited for the long, rapid, white object to come peeking out of the dark, dreary, damp cave. It came. All of a sudden, it shot out of the hole so quick, my eyes could barely focus on it. It came to a screeching halt. We boarded the Parisian Metro. The ride was filled with a sense of anticipation. Thump! Thump! Thump! The rails went on the lines. We stopped. Thump! Thump! Thump as the subway started up again. Another stop. This cycle remained in effect for at least four more stops. Each time the train would stop to pick up and drop off bustling passengers. More and more people piled into the narrow doorway. By the time our stop came, it was jammed packed like a cattle car. Our stop is next, yelled the tour guide. Just then, a sense of enthusiasm, a sense of deep exhilaration came over me. The train again came to a jerking halt. All thirty-eight of us stepped off the train onto the platform. We walked down a flight of concrete stairs onto a busy sidewalk. People walking by, cars honking and zipping by. I made a quick glance to my right, and saw it gleaming in front of me. My first glance was mind-boggling. My eyes kept leading me farther up and up and up until, at last, my eyes wandered to the top. It was amazing. Its steel, golden structure reflected off the platform lights like a star gleaming in the night sky. Each of the four bases running proportionally to the ones beside and across from it until the apex at the top came to a single point. The Eiffel tower was gargantuan, bigger than any picture seen in a book or on television. At last, our tickets were purchased and we were ready to ascend to the third platform where Paris can be seen for miles on end. First we boarded the overcrowded elevator and were dropped off at the second level. From there, we board...

Free Essays on If Though Must Love Me Response

Poetry to me is a way to express thoughts or feelings in an artistic and meaningful way. The poem â€Å"If Thou Must Love Me† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is more or less a love poem that sends many messages to me about love. A few of Browning’s messages are that true love is forever, love transcends image, and the use of love is too common. The first message in Browning’s poem, true love is forever is directly supported. Line 14, â€Å"love’s eternity† says that love is forever. The whole poem talks about how sometimes love is called love but may not necessarily be true love in fact, and thus won’t last forever. â€Å"Except for loves sake only†, line 2, means that if one loves the person for love of that whole person then the love is genuine and will forever exist. The second message in Browning’s poem is that love transcends image. One cannot love someone because of some physical beauty, â€Å"Do not say ‘I love her for her smile-her look’ †, she doesn’t desire to be loved for this reason. Nor does she want to be loved because of her manner of speech â€Å"Do not say†¦her way of speaking gently†. The last message that I can relate to in this poem is that the use of love is too common. Browning says several times that she doesn’t want to be loved for such superficial things. Love is a deep and meaningful thing that shouldn’t be conditional, this is supported by lines 9 through 12, â€Å"Neither love me for thine own dear pity’s wiping me cheeks dry-A creature might forget to weep, who bore thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby†. Furthermore, if love is based on superficial things then when these things change that the foundation for the love is thus lost, â€Å"For these things in themselves, beloved, may be changed, or change for thee-and love, so wrought, may be unwrought so† This poem was chosen for the personal response because for me, love is a touchy subject. To me love is something th... Free Essays on If Though Must Love Me Response Free Essays on If Though Must Love Me Response Poetry to me is a way to express thoughts or feelings in an artistic and meaningful way. The poem â€Å"If Thou Must Love Me† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is more or less a love poem that sends many messages to me about love. A few of Browning’s messages are that true love is forever, love transcends image, and the use of love is too common. The first message in Browning’s poem, true love is forever is directly supported. Line 14, â€Å"love’s eternity† says that love is forever. The whole poem talks about how sometimes love is called love but may not necessarily be true love in fact, and thus won’t last forever. â€Å"Except for loves sake only†, line 2, means that if one loves the person for love of that whole person then the love is genuine and will forever exist. The second message in Browning’s poem is that love transcends image. One cannot love someone because of some physical beauty, â€Å"Do not say ‘I love her for her smile-her look’ †, she doesn’t desire to be loved for this reason. Nor does she want to be loved because of her manner of speech â€Å"Do not say†¦her way of speaking gently†. The last message that I can relate to in this poem is that the use of love is too common. Browning says several times that she doesn’t want to be loved for such superficial things. Love is a deep and meaningful thing that shouldn’t be conditional, this is supported by lines 9 through 12, â€Å"Neither love me for thine own dear pity’s wiping me cheeks dry-A creature might forget to weep, who bore thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby†. Furthermore, if love is based on superficial things then when these things change that the foundation for the love is thus lost, â€Å"For these things in themselves, beloved, may be changed, or change for thee-and love, so wrought, may be unwrought so† This poem was chosen for the personal response because for me, love is a touchy subject. To me love is something th...

Voting by Consensus in The World Trade Organization Essay

Voting by Consensus in The World Trade Organization - Essay Example The WTO was created in order to create enforceable and binding international trade rules which are critical in promoting international trade and cooperation. Just like many of the international organizations, WTO was created to improve the socio-economic wellbeing of the individual countries and that of the world in general. In particular, WTO was to achieve this goal through trade. The Ministerial Conference is the highest authority in WTO structure; the General Council is the second level within the WTO structure; the third level in WTO structure is the councils for each board of trade; below the third level are the subsidiary bodies of the higher level councils.3 As has been noted, WTO’s main objective is to create an enforceable and binding international trade rules. As such, it needs a decision-making system which is effective and with ability to resolve the often diverging interests. It is against the background of this necessity that the WTO adopted a decision-making pr ocess that is based on consensus voting system.4 Consensus voting system refers to the voting process that aims at identifying the best consensus opinion that is arrived at through a balanced system of voting. In this type of voting, each party (in this case each member country) is allowed to suggest a proposal for debate.5 During the debate session, representatives of these countries ask questions, suggest new ideas, and seek clarifications. In this system of voting, wide ranges of voting options that have been developed in consultation with stakeholders are presented. Thereafter, decision makers are invited to rank these options- an option with higher preference gets more points.6 The practice of consensus dominates the decision-making process of the WTO even though the WTO Agreement foresees circumstances where consensus cannot be achieved. Its predecessor (GATT) did not use consensus but instead used voting as a way of making decisions. The evolution of GATT to WTO resulted to t he shift from voting to consensus in the process of decision-making. The consensus voting system has worked comparatively well in the decision-making process of WTO.7 Nonetheless, this system of voting imputes that the deadlock risk and specifically the inability of a member state to legislatively respond where it is not agreeing with the panel’s interpretation or the legal interpretation of the Appellate Body.8 It has been argued that this system has intrinsically favors the status quo thereby making it difficult to effect changes. Besides, the consensus voting system has been said not to provide for influence and decision equality because not every participant has similar ability to maintain vetoes. While it is agreeable that consensus has numerous advantages, it is questionable whether this system is more democratic than the voting system that takes into account the majority rule.9 There are several instances when consensus voting system has been used in WTO’s decis ion-making processes. A case in point is the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) that was decided upon based on consensus. The member states negotiated the pre-WTO clothing quotas of between 1974 and 1994 which had been negotiated upon bilaterally and was governed by the Multi-Fiber- Agreement

Setting the Stage for Strategic Compensation and Bases for Pay Assignment

Setting the Stage for Strategic Compensation and Bases for Pay - Assignment Example The present study focuses on the setting of the stage for strategic compensation and bases for pay in organizations, by answering five questions in association. Question 1: Describe the three main goals of compensation departments. Solution: The primary stakeholders for an organization’s compensation packages include the employees, the management or the executives, and the government. Thus the three main goals of the compensation departments in an organization are associated with satisfaction and gain advantages from these three above mentioned sources (Compensation’s Role in Human Resource Strategy, 22). The first and most important goal that the compensation departments have reflects on keeping the employees of the organization satisfied such that they perform efficiently and with sincere concerns working towards the achievement of the organizational goals. Secondly the concern of the department is associated with the management and executive teams since these individ uals are the experts of the organizations and need to be retained for future endeavors. ... Thus the three primary goals of the compensation department could be learnt from the above section of the study. Question 2: Describe the contextual influence that you believe will pose the greatest challenge and the contextual influence that will pose the least challenge to companies’ competitiveness and explain why. Solution: A company’s competitiveness and the level of competitive advantage that it gains over its competitors depend significantly on the performance of the employees of the organization. However, with the changing world of businesses and the market trends that determine the level of competition, the compensation systems have also significantly altered and modified. This in other words reflects the influences of the contextual factors in association with the competitiveness of an organization. The most important factor that seems to influence the compensation program is the determination of the wage rates for the employees. High wage rates on one hand in creases the cost of the company and thus the prices of the goods reflecting on decreasing financial performances for the company; on the other hand, it guarantees the gain of competent workforce. Thus this factor poses the greatest challenge for an organization. The factor that poses least challenges in the present times include the determination of wages according to the geography or industry, since now the satisfaction of the employees influence more depending on the needs of the organization. Thus strategic compensation system has become significantly necessary in the planning for wages within organizations (Kim, 2-5). Question 3: Describe when subjective performance evaluations might be better (or more feasible) than objective